Ecological communities are shaped by a complex array of direct and indirect interactions. These interactions are spatially and temporally dynamic and can be challenging to disentangle ...

So let’s actually answer your question, as you likely have a Direct TPMS. You need to pick one of the following: For those with Indirect TPMS, I recommend you do nothing aside from cleaning the ...

For many years ecologists have sought to understand the roles and importance of direct and indirect effects in communities. Direct effects, as the name implies, deal with the direct impact of one ...